Justin: Disclaimer. 贾斯汀：声明。 Disclaimer.免责声明。 Disclaimer.免责声明。

Now is not the moment to panic.现在不是时候恐慌。 Yes, there's a war waging in the far off land.是的，是一场战争，在遥远的地方发动。 Yes, the economy tethering on the brink of an untold turmoil.是的，经济上的无数风暴的边缘圈养。 Yes, the waging and the tether are taking native focus off the impending collapse of our fluctuating climate.是的，在发动和纽带正在起飞的气候波动，我们本土的重点行将崩溃。

Yes, the content of the following hour of programming does not necessarily represent the views of University of California Davis, yes, the same goes for KDVS and its sponsors.是的，下面的节目每小时内容并不一定代表美国加州大学戴维斯的意见，是的，也一样KDVS和赞助商。

Yes, This Week in Science is in potential danger of becoming an evening commute, rather than morning drive time broadcast, but for Douglas Adam's sake people, don't panic.是的，这在科学成为一个晚上上班，而不是上午时段播放器的潜在危险是周，但道格拉斯亚当为了人民，不要惊慌。

The fact that we live at the bottom of the deep gravity well, on the surface of a gas covered planet, going around the nuclear fire ball 90 million miles away, and think these to be normal and not worth panicking about is obviously some indication of how skewed our perspective tends to be.事实上，我们生活在深海底部的严重性以及对气体的表面，覆盖的行星，围绕核火球九○○○○○○○英里卷走，并认为这是正常的，值得恐慌的，是很明显的一些迹象不如何扭曲我们的观点趋于。

And should allow some level of comfort that things really are much stranger than This Week in Science, coming up next.并应允许一些舒适程度，事情比这真的是在科学，下周即将很多陌生。

(Music Playing) （音乐播放）

Justin: Good morning, Kirsten. 贾斯汀：早上好，克尔斯滕。

FH Good morning, Justin.跳频早上好，贾斯汀。

Welcome, welcome, welcome to This Week in Science.欢迎，欢迎，欢迎，这在科学周。

Justin: Wow. 贾斯汀：哇。 There's so much science going on in the world.有这么多科学的在世界上。

Kirsten: I know. 基尔斯滕：我知道。

Justin: Each week - 贾斯汀：每星期-

Kirsten: Every week it seems like there's more and more and more – which actually is a – I think it's a wonderful thing that we're seeing so much science out there. 基尔斯滕：每星期就好像有越来越多的–，实际上是一个—我认为这是一个美妙的事情，我们在互联网上看到有那么多的科学似乎。

Justin: Yes. 贾斯汀：是的。

Kirsten: I mean, I know we're like constantly on the prowl, looking for science but - 基尔斯滕：我的意思是，我知道我们喜欢在搜捕正在不断，但对科学的期待-

Justin: Yes, we kind of – we do kind of look for it, don't we? 贾斯汀：是的，我们种–我们寻找它的一种，不是吗？

Kirsten: We do kind of look for it, but it's great that there is so much for us to find out there. 基尔斯滕：我们寻找它的一种，但它的伟大，有这么多，我们发现那里。 Fantastico! Fantastico！ You are all listening to This Week in Science.大家都听过这种科学周。

We are here for – oh goodness, we are here for the next hour and we're going to be talking all about science news.我们在这里为€“哦，上帝，我们为接下来的一个小时在这里，我们准备将所有有关科学新闻说话。 Without further ado.如果没有进一步做文章。

Justin: Huge breaking story. 贾斯汀：巨大的破故事。

Kirsten: OK. 基尔斯滕：行。

Justin: Huge, huge, huge breaking story – right – where did I put it? 贾斯汀：很大，很大，大破故事€“权€”放在哪儿了呢？ I don't remember what it's about, but it was huge.我不记得什么的，但是这是巨大的。

Kirsten: I don't know – [laughs] 基尔斯滕：我不知道–[笑]

Justin: Huge, tremendously – ginormorse-ly [sic] - 贾斯汀：巨大的，极大地–ginormorse -光年[原文如此] -

Kirsten: Gigantic but – it's huge but it doesn't really stand out from these pile of papers. 基尔斯滕：巨型而是€“这是巨大的，但它并没有真正站在这些一堆文件了。

Justin: OK, here it is – so, this is actually a little over a week ago. 贾斯汀：行，这里是一个€“，因此，这其实是一个多星期前。

The anthropologists, looking at the Homo Floresiensis – the little three foot tall people, have come up with the idea that perhaps, another – further down the road of narrowing it down, that they were in fact “Dwarf Cretins†.人类学家，看着弗洛里斯人–小三英尺高的人，已经提出了想法，也许，另一人€”降低缩小下来的道路上进一步，他们事实上是€€œDwarf Cretinsâ 。

Kirsten: Dwarf Cretins? 基尔斯滕：矮白痴？

Justin: That's the way this was put. 贾斯汀：这是这是提出方式。 I'm not sure what a cretins means.我不知道什么是白痴手段。 I was sent that meant you're kind of a creep?我被送到这意味着你的蠕变呢？

Kirsten: [laughs] You're a cretin. 基尔斯滕：[笑]你是个笨蛋。

Justin: Yes. 贾斯汀：是的。

Kirsten: Yes. 基尔斯滕：是的。

Justin: But, the Dwarf - 贾斯汀：但是，矮-

Kirsten: This is different from the nutritional group, that came – the group that came actually – it was nutrition last week. 基尔斯滕：这是从营养组的不同，是来自–团体来其实是€”这是上周的营养。

Justin: This is actually the same. 贾斯汀：这实际上是相同的。 Yes.是。

Kirsten: Oh, just the same. 基尔斯滕：哦，是一样的。

Justin: Dwarf cretinism is the result of severe iodine deficiency in pregnancy, in combination with other environmental factors. 贾斯汀：矮克汀病，是严重缺碘导致怀孕，结合其他环境因素。

They believe that it was the isolation and the poor nutrition that caused the Homo Florienses to have developed -and again these fossils they found are round 18,000 years ago, the most recent fossils that they’ve found -他们认为，这是孤立和营养不良造成的智人Florienses的发展，同样，这些化石是圆的，他们发现1.8万年前，最新的化石，they’虚拟环境中-

Kirsten: Wow. 基尔斯滕：哇。

Justin: On the island of “Flores†– Flores. 贾斯汀：关于一€œFloresâ€岛屿-弗洛雷斯。 Although there is the interesting thing of the natives having tales of an ancestors called, “Ebu Gogo†, who lived in caved, and were short, roughly built, hairy, pot-bellied and stupid.虽然是有一个所谓的祖先，“Ebu Gogoâ€，谁住在塌陷本地人有趣的故事，并短，大约建，毛蟹，罐腹和愚蠢。

Kirsten: [laughs] 基尔斯滕：[笑]

Justin: Who stole food and could not cook and had an imperfect language. 贾斯汀：谁偷粮食，不能做饭，有一个完美的语言。 Which is all consistent with the conditions of the fossils that they've found.这是所有的，他们发现化石的条件相一致。 Now -现在-

Kirsten: Interesting - 基尔斯滕：有趣-

Justin: New breaking story. 贾斯汀：新的突破的故事。

Kirsten: New , new, new - 基尔斯滕：新，新，新-

Justin: Breaking, right now it's breaking. 贾斯汀：打破，现在是在打。 A teams of scientists have discovered fossils of another hobbit people.阿队的科学家们发现了另一个小矮人的人化石。

Kirsten: Oh. 基尔斯滕：哦。

Justin: On an island of Pacific ocean. 贾斯汀：在一个太平洋岛国。 Where they lived 3,000 years ago.在他们居住三千多年前。

Kirsten: Huh? 基尔斯滕：咦？ So – much more recent.所以€“更近。

Justin: So, much, much more recent 贾斯汀：因此，有很多，更近

Kirsten: Yes. 基尔斯滕：是的。

Justin: Wow. 贾斯汀：哇。 The discovery was initially made by a South African paleoanthropologist, Lee Berger, while holidaying in a Micronesian Island of Palau.这一发现最初是由南非的古人类学家李伯格，而在密克罗尼西亚的帕劳岛度假。

Wow.哇。

So, it's right now it's up in the Scientific Journal Online of PLoS One – PLOS and then the word, one.因此，它现在是在科学期刊PLoS ONE的在线-巴解组织的单词，然后，之一。 Which is – I can spell it for you but I've – be embarrassed for both of us.这是一个€：“我可以拼写为你，但我买了一部€”尴尬对我们两个。

Some have argued that they were formerly unknown human species again of the original Homo Floresiensis .一些人认为，再次原弗洛里斯人，他们以前不为人所知的人类物种。

But now, this new Palauan fossils are exhibiting a surprising number of traits that were originally used to describe the Homo Florienses as unique species.但现在，这一新的帛琉化石的特征表现出惊人的数目原本用来描述为独特的物种智人Florienses。 Which includes the small body size, with the large teeth, small faces and reduced chin.其中包括身体尺寸小，与大牙齿，脸和减少小下巴。

So, it's interesting.所以，这很有趣。 Now, is that we're finding – this isn't something that we're segmented to this one island.现在，是我们正在寻找€：“这不是我们正在分割的这一个岛屿。 I don't know if these changes the scenario at all.我不知道这些变化的情况的。 But that's very fascinating.但是，这非常有趣。 Statement also said that these are also cave dwellers.声明还表示，这些也是穴居人。

Kirsten: Huh? 基尔斯滕：咦？

Justin: Yes. 贾斯汀：是的。 They also were found– or at least they found the – maybe it's just that the bones are easier to preserve in a cave, maybe they only went in there once in a while like – “let's go check out – let’s go spelunking.†And the one's that didn’t make it out, because they don't have lights.他们也被found–，或至少他们发现的A€”也许这只是骨骼更容易保存在一个山洞里，也许他们只是在那里，偶尔去像€““let的去看看- Let的€™s转到spelunking.â€而一个人的didn’吨做出来，因为他们没有灯光。

Kirsten: Yes, I will live in a cave. 基尔斯滕：是的，我将生活在一个洞穴里。 If, you know – that was all that was available.如果你知道一个€“这是所有的可用。

Justin: Yes. 贾斯汀：是的。

Kirsten: Caves are good. 基尔斯滕：洞穴是好的。 They're -他们是-

Justin: Caves, house with the curtains shut – what's really the difference anyway? 贾斯汀：洞穴，与窗帘的房子关闭–什么是真正的差别呢？

Kirsten: Exactly. 基尔斯滕：没错。 Keeps you out of the rain, gives you a nice little opening that you can use spears in to protect yourself from mean creatures coming to get you.保留了雨你出去，给你一个可爱的小开，您可以使用长矛，以保障自己的意思生物来帮助您。

Justin: Yes. 贾斯汀：是的。 Well, the apparently the Homo Floresiensis on the island of Flores, when they were around, there was lizards out there that were like bigger than them.那么，显然是在弗洛雷斯岛，在他们周围，那里有蜥蜴弗洛里斯人都像这比他们大。 They were like six feet long, several hundred pounds -他们就像6英尺长，几百英镑-

Kirsten: Oh, man. 基尔斯滕：噢，兄弟。

Justin: Because when – they obviously have – apparently when mammals are left on an island with enough time they tend to shrink because of the lack of resources. 贾斯汀：因为当一个€“他们明显地-显然在哺乳动物都是以有足够的时间，他们往往会缩小，由于缺乏资源，海岛离开。

Kirsten: Right. 基尔斯滕：对 。

Justin: Reptiles on the other hand, because of the lack of competitive predators - 贾斯汀：另一方面，爬行动物，由于缺乏有竞争力的天敌-

Kirsten: Grow and grow and grow. 基尔斯滕：成长，成长和壮大。

Justin: Yes, keep getting bigger. 贾斯汀：是的，变得越来越大。 Yes.是。

Kirsten: Hmm. 基尔斯滕：嗯。 OK.行。 Note to self, don't live on an island.注意自我，并不是生活在一个小岛。 [laughs] Unless, it's a big island. [笑]除非，这是一个大岛。

Justin: Yes. 贾斯汀：是的。 Over that of volcano.以上的火山。

Kirsten: Like Australia. 基尔斯滕：像澳大利亚。 I don't know.我不知道。 I could live on this island.我可以住在这个岛上。

Justin: I got an Australia story. 贾斯汀：我收到一个澳大利亚的故事。

Kirsten: Researchers in Germany have potentially discovered a new kind of hemoglobin. 基尔斯滕：德国研究人员发现了一种潜在的一种新的血红蛋白。

Justin: Hmm? 贾斯汀：嗯？

Kirsten: Yes. 基尔斯滕：是的。 Hemoglobin is the molecule -血红蛋白的分子-

Justin: Blood right? 贾斯汀：血的权利？

Kirsten: It's in your blood. 基尔斯滕：它在你的血液的。 Yes.是。 It's the oxygen carrying molecule in the blood.它携带的氧分子在血液中。

Hemoglobin consists of an iron heme group that has a capacity to grab on the four oxygen atoms and it's a basically trades oxygen for carbon dioxide, as it travels through your bloodstream, to your muscles, and back to your lungs, where it gives off the carbon dioxide, and grabs up new oxygen and then makes the circuit again.血红蛋白由铁血红素组，有能力抓住的四个氧原子，这是一种基本上是行业的二氧化碳氧气，因为它穿过你的血液，你的肌肉，回到你的肺部，在那里散发出的二氧化碳和氧气争夺新的，然后再使电路。

Justin: Kind of globs on. 贾斯汀：对globs类。

Kirsten: Yes. 基尔斯滕：是的。

Justin: Is this really suppose to pronounce, hemoglobin thing? 贾斯汀：这真的想发音，血红蛋白的事情？

Kirsten: Hemoglobin. 基尔斯滕：血红蛋白。

Justin: Globin? 贾斯汀：珠？ Because it “globs†on to things?因为它“globsâ€到的东西？

Kirsten: You can pretend that that's what it is just for yourself. 基尔斯滕：您可以假装这就是只为你自己的。

Justin: I'm looking for scientific word of the word. 贾斯汀：我对这个词的科学词看。 I think it's globin – means to give – it grabs on the things.我认为这是珠–的方式，使—的事情上它吸引。

Kirsten: Globular. 基尔斯滕：球状。

Hemoglobin, so anyway they were looking at this four year old boy and his 41 year old father and both of them had low oxygen saturation in their blood which normally is a sign of a cardiac defect.血红蛋白，所以无论如何，他们正考虑今年4岁的男孩和他41岁的父亲和他们两人都在他们的血液氧饱和度低，通常是一个心脏缺陷的迹象。

And it's assumed that if you have low oxygen saturation that you might have a septal defect that lets blood leak from the de-oxygenated side of the heart to the oxygenated side of the heart.它的假设，如果您有血氧饱和度低，你可能有一个间隔缺损，让血液从德泄漏的氧心方心的含氧的一面。 Therefore, decreasing the amount of oxygenated blood that's going out to the body.因此，降低血液中的含氧这走出去的机构数量。

Justin: Wow. 贾斯汀：哇。

Kirsten: And so, they were taking a look at this little boy and his father and they have been treating them for basically low oxygenation and septal defect – cardiac defect problems. 基尔斯滕：因此，他们采取了这个小男孩和他的父亲看，并已处理的基本低氧化和室间隔缺损他们€“心脏缺陷问题。

But then, they decided, “OK, let's use an oximeter†– a pulse oximeter, they put it in on the finger, and it uses infrared radiation to basically take a picture of the blood and get an idea of what it looks like.但是，他们决定，“OK，让我们使用oximeter†- 1脉搏血氧仪，他们把它放在手指上，它使用红外线辐射，基本上采取的血液图片和得到一个什么样子的想法。

And, hemoglobin in its normal form, absorbs infrared light in the absence of oxygen.而且，在其正常形式的血红蛋白，吸收，在缺氧的情况下红外光。 And the lower the content of the oxygen in the blood, they say, the less light penetrates the finger and reaches the sensor of the oximeter.而降低血液中的含氧量，他们说，越光穿透手指和到达的血氧传感器。

So, in this new form that they found in this little boy and his father, it absorbs a little bit more infrared light than normal oxygen saturated hemoglobin, even when hemoglobin is combined with oxygen.因此，在这个新的形式，他们在这个小男孩和他的父亲发现，它吸收多一点的红外光比正常血红蛋白氧饱和，即使血红蛋白与氧气相结合。

So, they didn't really understand it at first what was going on -因此，他们并没有真正理解首先是怎么回事它-

Justin: Mutants. 贾斯汀：突变体。

Kirsten: Yes. 基尔斯滕：是的。 So, it’s so neat that maybe we're finding – there something new about the human body that they're – why not?因此，伊塔€™s，使整洁，也许我们正在查找€“有一些有关人体，他们是一个€”为什么新的不？ Why aren't they?为什么不呢？ Why couldn't there be multiple forms of hemoglobin that carry oxygen at better or worse carrying capacities?为什么不能有血红蛋白多种形式携带好还是坏携带氧气的能力？ Maybe there's a bell curve or for the formation of these molecules.也许有一个钟形曲线，或为这些分子的形成。

Anyway, it's a very interesting research at the University of Bonn – Germany.无论如何，这是一个非常有趣的研究在波恩€大学“德国。 Maybe, there's this new form that part – you know, definitely more researches that going to go into it, to investigate the actual oxygen carrying capacity and whether or not it is a problem for these people, or whether that's just the way it is.也许，有这种新形式的一部分，€“你知道，一定要多作研究的进入，进行调查实际的携氧能力，是否是这些人的问题，还是这本来就这样是。

You know, does it impair their quality of life?你知道，是否影响他们的生活质量？ Or do they function normally with just a little bit different oxygen carrying capacity?还是他们功能的只是一点点不同的携氧能力正常？

Justin: I think you would want more. 贾斯汀：我相信你会想要更多。 But I'm not even -但我还没有-

Kirsten: You would want more. 基尔斯滕：你会想要更多。 Yes.是。

Justin: But maybe you age faster. 贾斯汀：也许你的年龄，但速度更快。 Are they, young looking?是他们，年轻人吗？

Kirsten: Oh, I don't know about that. 基尔斯滕：噢，我不知道。

But another interesting – I mean the point about that you bring up there – I mean there a lot of cyclist, runners, all sorts of people who take blood doping drugs, that basically increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood.但另一个有趣–我指的是对你有一个弹出€”我的意思是有很多的自行车点，亚军，参加的人谁血液兴奋剂的药物，基本上增加携氧能力的各种血液。

So that it can carry more oxygen out to the muscles to allow the muscles to really perform at their optimum level.因此，它可以携带更多的氧气到肌肉，使肌肉真正发挥他们的最佳水平。 We just flood the muscles with oxygen, and oxygen is not a limiting factor in their performance, maybe they'll do a lot better and like keep running stronger for longer.我们刚刚洪水与氧的肌肉，是不是和氧气在其性能的限制因素，也许他们会做得更好，并希望保持长期稳健运行。 Well until they ran out of glucose.嗯，直到他们跑出来的葡萄糖。

Justin: Like having an extra lung. 贾斯汀：就像一个额外的肺。

Kirsten: Maybe. 基尔斯滕：也许。

Justin: Yes. 贾斯汀：是的。 Which will be helpful in athletics.这将是有益的体育事业。

Kirsten: I just took a lung and I attached it to my back. 基尔斯滕：我只是花了肺癌，我附到我的回来。 Forget about all these drugs.忘掉所有这些药物。 Got a lung coming out of my ear.得到了肺到来我的耳朵了。 [laughs]. [笑]。

Justin: I would have been more subtle. 贾斯汀：我会更微妙。 I think you should finish it off so that it looks more seamless than that, but – this Justin, Australia bashing stories officially banned from TWIS programming.我认为你应该完成它关闭，因此，它比看起来更完美，但€“这个贾斯汀，澳大利亚扑故事正式禁止从TWIS节目。

Kirsten: What's – what? 基尔斯滕：什么是“â€什么？

Justin: Yes. 贾斯汀：是的。 This -这-

Kirsten: Aussie – did you say Aussie bashing stories, banned? 基尔斯滕：澳元–你说澳元扑故事，禁止呢？

Justin: Officially banned. 贾斯汀：明令禁止。 Banned I tell you.禁止我告诉你。

Kirsten: What? 基尔斯滕：什么？

Justin: This, after Japanese news agencies, citing unnamed “fishery officials and Japanese fish authorities†, believed their whaling mission in Antarctic will kill little more than a half of the intended goal, due to harassment by environmentalists, as well as public protest by the Australian government. 贾斯汀：这毕竟日本的新闻机构，引述不具名“fishery官员和日本鱼authoritiesâ€，相信他们在南极捕鲸的任务将杀了超过预期目标的一半以上，由于环保人士的骚扰，以及公众抗议澳大利亚政府。

Yehey. Yehey。 [clapping]. [鼓掌]。

Kirsten: Good. 基尔斯滕：好。

Justin: The Sea Shepherd Conservation Society is the environmentalists – they’ve engaged the Japanese fleet in series of high seas clashes? 贾斯汀：在海洋守护协会是环保- they’虚拟环境中从事公海的冲突一系列日本队？ Which I really didn't even hear about that too much.这真使我什至没有听到太多。 But -但是-

Kirsten: High seas clashes. 基尔斯滕：公海冲突。 It's exciting.这是令人兴奋的。

Justin: The group said its campaign – despite international condemnation of its tactics, they like throw rotten meat upon to the decks and some weird other stuff that was a little - 贾斯汀：该组织称，它的运动-尽管国际社会谴责的战术，他们喜欢的扑到甲板和其他一些古怪的东西，这是一个小蛆肉-

Kirsten: Eww. 基尔斯滕：Eww。