贾斯汀:免责声明! 免责声明! 免责声明!

虽然下面的时刻我们的节目不是要进攻,如果您觉得自己以任何方式挑起,你应该挑起以为不愤怒。

内容是为成熟的观众。 不过,成熟的观众,我们的意思,包括5岁儿童的热爱和对科学的兴趣。 展会本身以及科学和运用科学手段得到科学钇消息你的耳朵,并不一定代表其观点或意见的美国加利福尼亚大学戴维斯分校, KDVS或其提案国。

虽然世界上奇怪的是足够的,因为它是,每个星期在这里,我们似乎可以发现,它仍然陌生。 “有什么可以比蚂蚁陌生人提出的蝴蝶或透视青蛙? ”有人可能会问。 这些问题的答案在等待着我们在本星期在科学,即将下一步。

早上好,柯尔斯滕!

基尔斯滕:噢,伟大的早晨。

贾斯汀:是的。

基尔斯滕:你知道今天是什么?

贾斯汀:周二,对不对?

基尔斯滕:除此之外,什么是今天的日期?

贾斯汀:不知道。

基尔斯滕:今天是3个月-第3天的第3个月的第九个年头的2000年,不管。

贾斯汀:什么? 你是-现在该怎么做?

基尔斯滕:我很杂乱。 我不是没有。 今天是平方根日。

贾斯汀:噢, 03-03-09 ,是啊。

基尔斯滕:如果您需要9 ,什么是平方根9 ?

贾斯汀:广场,你知道, 3 × 3的9 。

基尔斯滕: 3 × 3的9 。

贾斯汀:这是种有趣。

基尔斯滕:是的。 和平方根日只发生了几次每世纪。 不经常。 真的,他们不经常。

所以,你知道,我想了解下一个平方根日将让我们可以为它作好了准备。 我将派遣谁是第一个来电者通话,并告诉我们下一个平方根日。

贾斯汀:我已经得到它。 我可以告诉你当。

基尔斯滕:你,不容许的。 好吧。 我会寄给您这周的科学世界机器人统治的T恤。

贾斯汀:男装,这是一个伟大的耸肩。 我真的不能?

基尔斯滕:不,不,不。 没有你,贾斯汀。 第一来电,电话号码是530-752-2777 。 什么是下一个平方根吗? 什么时候? 752-2777 ,如果您想请进来

贾斯汀:哦,哇! 该行已经照亮了。

基尔斯滕:哦,有人说,快上。 哇。

贾斯汀:有一个电话。 杭上。

基尔斯滕:好,咱们走着瞧。 准备好了吗? 和答案。

贾斯汀:早上好, TWIS仆从。 您是在空中与本周科学。

男子:早上好。 下一平方根日将是4月4日的2016年。

基尔斯滕:很好。

贾斯汀:哇。

基尔斯滕:非常好。 你叫什么名字?

弗雷德:我的名字叫弗雷德史蒂文森。

基尔斯滕:您好弗雷德! 你是哪里呼吁吗?

弗雷德:我与您交谈,非法现在。 我对(硬化)的方式。

基尔斯滕:哦,不,让耳机。

贾斯汀:嗯,你知道吗?

弗雷德:是的,但不会有任何问题,即使是因为它是一个问题的多重任务和关注,而不是一块金属,能够满足您的耳朵。

贾斯汀:是的,完全相符。

弗雷德:这是没有问题了我。

贾斯汀:没有差别。

基尔斯滕:是的。

贾斯汀:没有差别。

弗雷德:有一个很好的理由。 到目前为止,似乎是安全。 街上几乎空无一人。

基尔斯滕:那好。 好,好,好。 每个人都可以去年底的工作或他们留在家,因为下雨。

弗雷德:我早。

贾斯汀:您知道下一波的手机将是? 下一波的手机将是手机,看起来像一个香蕉或类似三明治,三明治一样的假手机。

基尔斯滕:我只是-只是吃。

贾斯汀:我只是吃。 饮食和驾驶,而且还是法律。

弗雷德:嗯,以后,它甚至不会成为一个手机。 这将只是一个排序(减轻) ,它与你和公正的呼吁,并认为有你去。 你在触摸

基尔斯滕:这是正确的。 这将是一个无线电频率,造成的震动在你的下颚骨。

贾斯汀:是的。 你能想象,同时离开电话在夜间和睡眠一样拨号人?

弗雷德:你知道,我想是的。

贾斯汀:梦拨号。

基尔斯滕:梦拨号。 噢,我的善良。

弗雷德:是的。

基尔斯滕:好了,弗雷德。 好吧,如果你可以-让我们看看。 我们怎样才能做到这一点? 我们可以...

贾斯汀:发送柯尔斯滕电子邮件。

基尔斯滕:是的。

弗雷德:嗯,嗯, 。

基尔斯滕:请给我发送一封电子邮件,让我知道你的地址和...

贾斯汀:正因为这一点,我们刚刚意识到我们没有安检。 我们没有办法带你从空中和获取信息。

弗雷德:右键。 是。

基尔斯滕:您可以-事实上,我可以打开贾斯汀关闭,您可以考虑它关闭。

弗雷德:是的,这是一个短期未来的技术,而且不必担心你周围。

基尔斯滕:我知道。 不-是啊。 如果你能向我发送一封电子邮件,我会向您发送的T恤。

弗雷德:我将尽。

基尔斯滕:谢谢你的电话。

弗雷德:感谢你的比赛。

基尔斯滕:不用谢。

弗雷德:嗯,你可以想象我的救济。 现在我可以驱动器。 (不懂) ,现在我们开始吧。

基尔斯滕:回到驾驶。

贾斯汀:是安全的。 是安全的。

弗雷德:谢谢你。 再见。

基尔斯滕:这是正确的。 好了,所以我们必须等待。

贾斯汀:可怕的。 最好的电话线一样照亮了三个房间一样这里。 和你一样的容量录音电话。

基尔斯滕:我知道。 但在第一次调用了它的权利。

贾斯汀:如果是正确的。

基尔斯滕:马上蝙蝠。

贾斯汀:您知道什么是伟大?

基尔斯滕:我认为下一个是2025年之后。 这是2025年5月5日。 是啊。

贾斯汀:是的。 这就是我-我错过一个。 我想反正已经错了。

基尔斯滕:不,不。

贾斯汀:我不会得到我的球衣,即使我可以发挥。

基尔斯滕:是的。 我认为2025年是下一个之后。 我不-是啊。 这是伟大的,真的,真的很酷。 好了, 2016年我们会等你。 下一平方根日。 数学家团结!

贾斯汀:等等,是不是每-只是一个每年。

基尔斯滕:每年?

贾斯汀:每这么多年。

基尔斯滕:每这么多年?

贾斯汀:是的。

基尔斯滕:只有像八,九世纪。

贾斯汀: 24个。 这是一群。

基尔斯滕:是的, 9世纪。

贾斯汀:我认为你说的三个世纪。

基尔斯滕:不, 9 。

贾斯汀:是的,这就像一群。 这不是每年-每10年。

基尔斯滕:这不是每年。

贾斯汀:这不是每年都有,非常感谢。

基尔斯滕:好了,移动到科学新闻。 我把故事的干细胞,干细胞的故事大-很大,很大的干细胞的东西进行本月初,肮脏炸弹和旧瓶装和本周在死去的人。

贾斯汀:哇。 我-我有什么呢? 透视蔬菜。 我-好,猫。 你知道,每个人都知道我的感觉有猫。 我打算把狗在此清单上的今天了。 那么,让我们找到答案。

基尔斯滕:哦,不。

贾斯汀:是的,狗会在名单上了。

基尔斯滕:不,我想要一个小狗。

贾斯汀:我有新的药物。 我有我想各种有趣的东西会今天。

基尔斯滕:所有权利。 那么,让我们开始工作。 我们有各种各样的好消息就这一数学日。 干细胞的消息,我们有一个非常大的报告中的期刊发展的一个小组,你-你说他们是从... ?

贾斯汀:有可能两个干细胞的事态发展,出现了这个星期。 有一个从山。 西奈半岛。

基尔斯滕:吨。 西奈半岛。 总之,一个我想是一组已被-有一个集团在日本和有其他组已努力创造诱导多能性干细胞,而无需使用病毒载体创造的干细胞。

贾斯汀:哇。

基尔斯滕:好。 所以,请让我解释一下。

贾斯汀:是的,请。

基尔斯滕:一点点历史,没问题。 让我们回归-早在返回的途中时间机器-好的声音特效-到2007年- 2006年实际。 好吧。 2006年,日本的一些研究人员利用病毒感染细胞的DNA ,最终回到自己的老化时钟和把它们变成干细胞。 和类型的干细胞,多类型的干细胞可以转变成任何一种组织。

因此,有两种不同类型的干细胞。 有那些是完全多,可以成为任何组织。 只要你有权利的指示,您可以把它变成什么。 有那些发育程度高一点,已开始分化诱导皮肤细胞或脑细胞或肌肉细胞。

贾斯汀:所以,他们较少选项你可以实际建立了它们。

基尔斯滕:右键。

贾斯汀:对。

基尔斯滕:这没关系,因为有干细胞在我们的皮肤,在我们的皮肤表皮,我们不断地更新自己,对不对?

贾斯汀:是的。

基尔斯滕:因此,该细胞是负责,这是干细胞。 干细胞不断分裂,并创造了新的细胞,成为新的新鲜皮肤。 这是伟大的,因为否则我们将无法愈合的伤害。 我们必须有这种能力,以便能够创造新的细胞死亡,否则,我们将在更年轻的年龄。

贾斯汀:我们很旧的皮革沙发的七岁。

基尔斯滕: Eew ! 这是想象的世界。

贾斯汀:不错,这...

基尔斯滕:那么,您可以采取不同类型的干细胞。 但是,成人-他们正在为成年细胞-成体干细胞已经下降的分化路径。

当他们和他们拉回到一个更类似的更年轻的胚胎阶段,爆炸的类似阶段的胚胎干细胞。

这真是太棒了。 人喜欢, “哇,我们没有采取细胞的胚胎。 ”这是,你知道-很多人都认为这是伟大的,因为我们没有使用的胚胎能够创造干细胞。 和一些-种被过去争论的参与使用的干细胞。

现在,这一问题虽然是该病毒使用的是-他们不知道会发生什么事了。 我的意思是,这是一种病毒。 该病毒...

贾斯汀:它留下来。

基尔斯滕:它留下来。 它的DNA ...

贾斯汀:它成为一揽子的一部分。

基尔斯滕:右键。 这是一种反转录病毒有点像艾滋病毒。 插入本身无论它的DNA的基因组进行到您-到细胞基因组中。 其结果是,许多细胞中创建的-干细胞创造了肿瘤组织。

贾斯汀:嗯,嗯, 。

基尔斯滕:因此,他们不断增加,并不断增加。 因此,他们开始了不错,但随后制定肿瘤和它不是很好,特别是对小老鼠,他们正在与小肿瘤的老鼠,不那么好。

贾斯汀:冠军的科学。

基尔斯滕:是的。 2007年,首次在人类细胞,用于创建多能干细胞,因此,不仅影响现在,但实际上人类细胞。 这是真正令人兴奋的。 每个人都在想, “是啊! 我们可以做到这一点的人太多。 这是完美的。 “

好了,仍在使用的病毒。 去年,在年底,我们曾,以及2008年9月-一组实际使用的腺病毒,而不是插入逆转录病毒的DNA 。 和造福的是,腺病毒,并不一定插入到基因组本身。 所以,这是开始获得通过的问题。

贾斯汀:是的。

基尔斯滕:日本队-我认为这是在10月,他们能够使用一个质粒,这是一个不同类型的载体是用于转移DNA的一个小细胞类型的基因的细胞,它们正试图感染。

因此,这两个都非常好,因为他们不喜欢实际插入外源DNA 。 唯一的DNA越来越插入是一种,科学家们希望在那里。

他们仍在努力对小鼠和..

贾斯汀:冠军成功。

基尔斯滕:这仍然是维拉利基础,即使它不一定进入的DNA 。 在2008年,从灵长类动物皮肤细胞诱导成为多能干细胞。 然后,就在两个星期前,研究人员将人类皮肤细胞变成干细胞使用病毒技术。

因此,我们开始真正走上了可靠的使用这些技术在不同的实验室,并取得这些成果的工作定期,这是伟大的。

现在,这最后一周,这最近的研究使用的DNA片段那就是-它被称为转座子。 ,这是所使用的我们自己的基因组成的基因周围移动。 因此,转座子的一个组成部分,大量的有机物。 还可以种具体和他们-也不会考虑,你知道,任何外来的DNA 。 这不是维拉利基础。 它基本上使用的遗传机制,以补充的DNA回到英寸

贾斯汀:有趣。 我们已经来到了。

基尔斯滕:是的。

贾斯汀:这是已经与我们联系。

基尔斯滕:是的。

贾斯汀:这是如此可怕。 我要得到所有的一切投机上。 但我想,这是什么,他们可以找到的东西,两栖类和可再生整个肢体,因为我们有这个能力了,这一直谈到有可能是某些潜在能力的人这样做。

基尔斯滕:这是被关闭。

贾斯汀:这是被关闭的,对不对?

基尔斯滕:嗯,嗯, 。

贾斯汀:那么-我的意思是,这可能成为一些更大。

基尔斯滕:我正在考虑这一点。 正如我实际上是读一些故事,这个干细胞研究,他们使用的是小鼠源性表皮干细胞做到这一点。 和他们还没有走的道路,利用人体细胞或-我想-是什么呢? 这是别的,他们需要做的事。

是的,他们必须能够重复这一在灵长类动物和人类。 然后等待,看看是否所有的细胞,他们正在创造人类实际上是多和能够成为每一个细胞类型。

他们已经看到迄今为止的是,这些小鼠源性表皮细胞诱导成干细胞,并确实去创造,你知道,如果他们让他们成长在一个-如果它们植入到老鼠,让他们成长。

贾斯汀:冠军的科学。

基尔斯滕:他们会成为一个小鼠标。

贾斯汀:哇。

基尔斯滕:你知道,他们可以注入他们,他们将创建一个幻想。 它们的功能。 他们的工作。

贾斯汀:哇。

基尔斯滕:因此,这也让-我的意思是,如果你想它的道路上,可以追溯到创建多能干细胞,可以创造一切组织型和鸿沟。 这将鸿沟,并创造囊胚将继续成为-如果在一个合适的环境-成为一个胎儿,并成为正式的有机体,如果考虑到机会。

贾斯汀:人民管。

基尔斯滕:从脸颊拭子。

贾斯汀:哇。

基尔斯滕:你知道,你能想象一下刚才是否可以上这条道路,如果我们...

贾斯汀:我的路了它? 我刚才的道路了它,柯尔斯,跨恒星或不跨恒星,但星际殖民化。 你知道吗? 这需要很大的动力。 让很多人在那里。 妊娠空间可能会是困难的。 怎么办? 我们采取一系列的脸颊拭子。 我们把他们,你知道,让他们在一个冰柜。 把他们送到火星。 我们只是在火星上生长的人。

基尔斯滕:然后按时间...

贾斯汀:您不必船舶他们。

基尔斯滕:这是正确的。 良好的。 好主意。 这是一个很好的故事,我想,你科幻作家了。

贾斯汀:这就是为什么您收听,为大的想法。

基尔斯滕:这就是为什么。 这是正确的。 但是,你知道,这是大新闻。 我认为这方面的研究有很长的路要走。 这还没有。 这不是任何问题尚未解决。 这不是-有些人问,他说, “嘿,你必须摆脱所有胚胎干细胞研究的现在,这似乎是工作。 ”这并非如此。 不要把所有的鸡蛋放在一个篮子里,直到你真的知道,这将做你希望它会。

因此,我们要继续下去沿着这两条轨道上的研究。 和你知道,其中之一-这就像Betamax和VHS两种标准。 其中一人将继续存在下去。

贾斯汀:您知道这是野生的。 我看-我有这个故事在这里某处的一个新的部分关键的免疫反应,我们已经发现了一些新的化学为基础的即时豁免这是正在制定的斯克里普斯。 你的故事,上周基本上,我们可以治疗感冒可能只是几年以外,包括禽流感和其他一切。

基尔斯滕:是的,谢谢大家。 疫苗。

贾斯汀:我的意思是我们要得到普遍的医疗保健的同时,他们摆脱所有的疾病。 这将是一样, “好,好消息是... ”一样, “嘿,这是什么呢? ”

基尔斯滕:也许这就是为什么他们举行了,是啊。

贾斯汀:是的,就像, “是的,我们有一,两年围绕这一点。 ”然后,每个人都将只是能够让他们一试。 现在,自己非常健康。 哇。

基尔斯滕:噢,那将是结束保健行业。

贾斯汀:这不是惊人的?

基尔斯滕:是的。

贾斯汀:是的,他们会下跌反正这种或那种方式。

基尔斯滕:是的。 还有-我要实现这一目标以后。 艾滋病毒的疫苗有可能陷入呃逆与研究。 他们的人口- (实验室)在人口研究和发现,艾滋病毒发生变异,以适应耐药基因突变的人是企图感染。

因此,在人口,某些地区有不同的病毒株,因为有一定的遗传突变,比较常见的人口和艾滋病毒适应了这一点。

贾斯汀:是的。

基尔斯滕:那么,是的。 的可能性,有一刀切的艾滋病毒疫苗可能不是东西要工作。

贾斯汀:嗯,也许是因为我想...

基尔斯滕:嗯,也许吧。 但是,我的意思是这仅仅是下跌的分界线回答的问题是如何感染艾滋病毒的工作和我们如何才能摆脱它。

贾斯汀:是的。 我要切换主题虽然。

基尔斯滕:做到这一点。 让我们通过。

贾斯汀:因为我有一个侏儒回事。

基尔斯滕:好。

贾斯汀:亲爱的人,狗,听取了!

基尔斯滕:哦,不。

贾斯汀:根据新的研究发表在2009年3月的问题Otola ,一些东西头颈外科,他们评价八四案件狗咬儿童超过了8年期。 作者发现,大多数人受伤所造成的家庭宠物, 27 % 。 这是我们以同样的速度枪支伤害家庭中的儿童。 好吧。 只要你是知道的。 这就是您处理。

如果您想: “哦,我从来没有一支枪在家里。 我的孩子。 “ ”哦,它们是什么做什么? “ ”哦,他们打得的狗。 “这是相同的乘客受伤的机率。 好吗?

基尔斯滕:是的。

贾斯汀:高频受伤出于某种原因。 他们还没有真正找到了,为什么发生在夏季的几个月里。 他们有...

基尔斯滕:噢,户外玩耍。

贾斯汀:是的。 它可能是孩子在外面玩狗更可能是导致热应激对动物。 他们还没有想出其中的原因是这一点。

因此, 64 %的人遭受的创伤在一个以上的位置。 因此,就像多狗咬。 不只是一个咬伤,但一对夫妇的叮咬。 平均大小伤口7厘米。 哇,那是漂亮。 Pitbulls -对不起, pitbull业主品种列为最常见的原因攻击。

基尔斯滕:是的。 不要告诉我,它的黑色实验室人民。

贾斯汀:据统计, 1 %的急诊室可归咎于狗咬, 1 % 。 这是一个很大。 这是不少前往的。

因此,这导致了我个人的申诉,我作为一个家长。 我有这个申诉与你们大家狗主谁你的宠物公园,让他们跑来跑去了皮带。

够了! 不论如何你知道你的狗,尊重事实,没有人不。 进一步尊重事实,即使您的狗是好周围的孩子,您的孩子,他们可能会造成大量的恐惧,胁迫,以其他孩子谁不知道他们。

基尔斯滕:奇怪的,可能反应的动物。 并记住您的狗是一种动物。

贾斯汀:他们可能反应不同,以不同的人。 是的,绝对。

基尔斯滕:动物,它们都是动物。

贾斯汀:它们是动物。

基尔斯滕:宠物动物。

贾斯汀:同时,把自己的规模像一个3 , 4 , 5 , 6岁或7岁的比较大小的狗。 这就是喜欢...

基尔斯滕:吓人。

贾斯汀:这是巨大的,一些大放送你,对不对? 像如果有狗,大约你,你只是从纯粹的本能,是暗示。

基尔斯滕:哇!

贾斯汀:好。 所以,是和你知道,我已经看到了它足够的时间在那里的狗嗅出运行和儿童。 和你一样, “噢,他们喜欢的孩子。 ”没有,没有。 他们仍然可以触发咬。

这是我的比喻。 我的比喻,我会显示在这里。 陌生人在公园你和你的狗玩,他们与他们的浅滩。 好吧,枪支! 让我们使小计22口径。

所以,这不是最可怕类型的枪支,但它仍是一个枪支在公园。 他们指出这浅滩在你和你的狗。 你开始得到关注。 “哦,你不用担心, ”陌生人微笑。 “这不是装。 ”这会是一个安慰吗? 你会相信这个陌生人的浅滩? 第不行,你不会。

不要让您的狗的皮带。 让他们远离儿童。 你知道吗? 当你进入一个拥挤的公园一样的活动,比如我们的农贸市场这里。

基尔斯滕:嗯,嗯, 。

贾斯汀:对不起狗主与农贸市场的事。 没有任何地方为您的狗在一个非常拥挤的公园散步的人无处不在,运行这种方式,将这种方式。 假号的狗在家里。 他们不需要与大型社交人群。 这是没有必要的。 这是我的言论的一天。

基尔斯滕:尼斯侏儒的一天。 至于大的威胁是隐藏-噢,我想在这里找到一个Segue前,因为它是行不通的。

贾斯汀:你会好的。 这将很好。

基尔斯滕:科学家期待在南极洲发现锯齿状山区的大小阿尔卑斯山。

贾斯汀:什么? 我们如何怀念?

基尔斯滕:隐藏在冰下。

贾斯汀:噢,他们躲藏起来。

基尔斯滕:在南极洲冰层。 他们发现...

贾斯汀:在您需要的房地产。 在您需要的-现在的股份的申请。

基尔斯滕:我知道。 使用了-他们使用的雷达和重力传感器的详细地图,使本Gamburtsev冰下山脉。 他们最初发现了约50年前的俄国人。 但是,这是第一次,他们已经能够作出真正的详细地图的话山区样子。

和山区范围的大小,阿尔卑斯山。 它看起来类似阿尔卑斯山,超级高峰,低山谷。 这也告诉我们一些有关的方式,在南极冰盖形成...

贾斯汀:是的。

基尔斯滕: ... ,如果冰盖形成缓慢,侵蚀随着时间的推移将地面山区下来。 因此,这意味着冰盖形成非常迅速,这样-我的意思或-我的意思是我不知道如何迅速。

贾斯汀:下陆块,是啊。

基尔斯滕:也不是土地面积下面是如此巨大,很多糜烂可能已经发生。 但我不知道如果这是可能的。

现在,另一件事想的就是自己的阿尔卑斯山,你知道,这些山脉形成的构造碰撞。

贾斯汀:碰撞。

基尔斯滕:和阿尔卑斯山形成约50至60万年前。 思考如何不久前结束的冰块上南极洲多久本来上次巨头构造碰撞使这些山区约500亿年的历史。

贾斯汀:哇! 噢,我的善良。 我们要在那儿和挖掘。 不,我们得去那里看看在那里。

基尔斯滕:什么是什么?

贾斯汀:是的。 噢,这是一个...

基尔斯滕:这将是一大宝库。

贾斯汀:你怎么叫? 时间机器,是啊。

基尔斯滕:是的。 时间机器宝库...

贾斯汀:哇!

基尔斯滕: ...冰下举行的...

贾斯汀:噢,这是辉煌的。

基尔斯滕:当然,绝对让人难以置信。 那么,可能会存在下,如果我们不知道它的...

贾斯汀:有多深呢? 噢,我们必须得到一些冰选,一些演习。 我们得让那里。 噢,我的善良。 这真是一个可怕的发现。

基尔斯滕:是的。 是啊。 所以,我的意思是...

贾斯汀:首先,我得告诉你柯尔斯滕,我去的有点像, “好吧,这是大山在冰下。 是啊。 “

基尔斯滕:是的,大问题。

贾斯汀:哦,不,但长期保存,我们现在-因为地球表面的变化像皮肤一样。

基尔斯滕:嗯,嗯, 。

贾斯汀:我的意思是侵蚀和不断发生变化的表面。 所以,这真是...

基尔斯滕:并有一个表面,这个老了没有受到...

贾斯汀:是的。

基尔斯滕: ...俯冲或你知道,隆起的压力。

贾斯汀:这不是变成钻石和熔岩一次。

基尔斯滕:右键。

贾斯汀:或没有,你知道,嗯。 我们可以真实地了解。 我们能以期早期,早期地球的存在。

基尔斯滕:是的。

贾斯汀:或未甚至早期,早期,但...

基尔斯滕:一个缺点不过,你知道,进入它。 您觉得冰融化,你知道,或提出海平面大约57米或100米(不懂) 。

贾斯汀:我认为我们做的更好的潜艇比我们与冰spellunking深刻。 然而深可能。 现在我们有一个光明的一面,全球变暖的。 是的,我们将看到如何使用将生活。

基尔斯滕: Yehey !

贾斯汀:好。 何去何从? 什么怎么办? 噢,新产品的道路上的人谁酺和烟雾。

基尔斯滕:如果你刚刚调整你听到了这个星期的科学。

贾斯汀:这就是新产品。

基尔斯滕:这是正确的。

贾斯汀:如果您酺和烟雾本周科学-不,不,不。 不要只依靠我们。 依靠药物。 是的,这就是你的下一个步骤。

基尔斯滕:对不起?

贾斯汀:是的,至少有一个药物。 耶鲁大学医学院进行了一项研究发现,大量饮酒吸烟者-最有可能自己系成员-任何实验室设置的可能性要小得多饮后服用瓦伦尼克林, (萨利说) 。

基尔斯滕:是的,这听起来是巨大的。

贾斯汀:是的,很好。 主题报告渴望有少,感觉不到陶醉。 他们也更可能投弃权票完全比另一组给予安慰剂。 因此, 80 %的这些人接受瓦伦尼克林没有饮料相比,在所有的30 % ,安慰剂组。

毒品我不能发音已经被用来作为停止吸烟的街道名称Chantix的。

基尔斯滕: Chantix的。

贾斯汀: Chantix的。

基尔斯滕:嗯,嗯, 。

贾斯汀:那么除此之外,没有任何副作用与此相结合的酒精。 这部分内容进行了研究,这始终是一个问题,任何长度。 因此,即使任何戒烟或停止,你知道。 您配置这在很大程度上为人们谁饮料。

基尔斯滕:是的。

贾斯汀:人民谁吸烟只是一个高比例的人喝,对不对? 所以,你戒烟药,让你发疯的时候你喝,这将是他们很难继续留在明知的经验。

当结合低剂量的酒精不改变血压或心率,也没有引起恶心或头晕。 因此,他们预计,这-的结果,这一初步研究将成为一个临床试验,看看这会成为一种治疗酒精障碍。

这很-麦基说雪莉,精神病学副教授耶鲁大学医学院谁是领导这一研究的。 考虑药丸让你喝,你知道,它才有意义在这一点上。 我想每个人都是-我想我已经听到故事的人试图只是一切遏制酗酒。

基尔斯滕:是的。 但是,是的,我不知道。 采取丸代替另一个一种药物。

贾斯汀:很好,但一说,你知道,我认为一个让你不陶醉可能是毒品,人们需要的。 这是...

基尔斯滕:也许。 对,我想,过去的故事之前,我们去休息。 我想带出一个快速故事存档,这是一种物理-在线物理杂志,研究人员看看风险脏弹。

所以,你知道,我们听到了很多-有很多东西这些天恐怖的威胁脏弹,因为核材料是相当普遍的世界各地的机会,让他们手中的人对某种物质或其他相当高的。

贾斯汀:是吗? 现在我感到紧张。 我被罚款一分钟前。

基尔斯滕:您罚款一分钟前。 所以-但什么是实际的威胁人类健康? 因此,一个西奥多Liolios从希腊武器控制中心在希腊塞萨洛尼基了期待的数字。

他说,物质最有可能被用于攻击是铯137 ,因为它是用来作为源医疗疗法。 因此,由于它不是高度控制的其他材料。 但是,它仍然放射性。

因此,最近发生在法属圭亚那在巴西时,一个废弃的医院被人闯入及其铯-137是分布在周边地区。 和人民并没有确切地知道,他们感染-他们受到的辐射。

贾斯汀:噢geez 。

基尔斯滕:离开200人受污染, 4人死亡。 脏弹虽然不会甚至是致命的。 想知道为什么?

贾斯汀:为什么?

基尔斯滕:好。 因此,如果您有炸弹, Liolios计算,任何人在300米范围内的炸弹将增加其一生中罹患癌症的风险死亡率1.5 % 。 然后,只有当他们无法存身的地方。 如果他们只是在露天和刚刚接触到的放射性粒子飞行的微风。

你知道,自己的炸弹很可能是最具破坏力的地方。 但在放射性和什么人最终将是-他们是如何最终将受到影响,但总的死亡率是比较渺茫。

贾斯汀:是的,和大多数脏弹情景,它不是一个实际核爆炸的任何一种。

基尔斯滕:嗯,嗯, 。

贾斯汀:这是一个常规爆炸与放射性物质,驱散,对不对?

基尔斯滕:是的,以驱散。 到底! 这是一个很好的说明。 因此,如果这种恐怖设备带进一个城市,你知道,在整个癌症死亡率风险的城市将不增加任何重大数额。

但是,影响的恐怖袭击阴谋本身将是巨大的。 撤离将最终被一些7 -约78平方米...

贾斯汀:哦等待,等待,等待。 让我们没有任何(不懂)的思想在那里。 杭上。

基尔斯滕: ...公里左右的地面为零。

贾斯汀:噢geez 。

基尔斯滕:这将影响到城市的基础上平均人口密度大,成本约78000人七百八十点○万美元每天撤离和另一七千八百点〇 〇 〇万美元,清除地区。 这是保守的,而且甚至没有考虑到人们惊慌失措。 所以如果人们的恐慌,由于这种阴谋可能发生的可能更糟。

贾斯汀:我认为这是假设您在哪里都惊慌或不反应。

基尔斯滕:那么,最终发生的是带来的影响,心理和资金的影响更大。 是啊。 噢,然后一个非常旧瓶装核废料是下找到一个废弃的,在一个废物的网站。 那么,它不仅是任何废物的网站。 这是汉福德核废料网站-核设施的废料网站。

和研究人员发表在杂志上的研究分析化学核考古。 他们已清理不同废物场地。 这些研究人员从太平洋西北国家实验室使用的法医技术日期样本,并了解它是从哪里来的。

他们发现,在瓶,这是在第(一战壕)汉福德和...

贾斯汀:曼哈顿计划,对不对?

基尔斯滕:这是一部分-恒福成立的一部分曼哈顿项目。 抽样日期为1944年的遗物是从第一个孩子的步骤我们的核计划。

贾斯汀:瓶中Nuka可口可乐。 有你。

基尔斯滕: Nuka可口可乐,是啊。 The oldest sample of bomb grade plutonium found in a bottle.

Justin: Whoa!

Kirsten: Wee! And that's about it for us.

Justin: Give yourself that extra pep today with Nuka-Cola.

Kirsten: We'll be back in just a few moments. This is This Week in Science.

[music]

Justin: We're back, space kittens. You're listening to This Week in Science.

Kirsten: That's right. This is This Week in Science.

Justin: Top of the hour, bottom of the second half of the show.

Kirsten: And I'd like to say that I played the “Robot” song in it's entirety by Chris Taylor for Renalyn and her friends in the Philippines…

Justin: Yes.

Kirsten: …as they transcribe away.

Justin: Okay, parents of the world listen up and listen tight. Concern your little ones aren't getting enough healthy foods in their diet? Help is on the way. New Nuka-Cola. Well, something like that. Science and Nature and a bit of back engineered marketing have teamed up to make eating healthy fun again. This is so silly. But it's true.

Introducing “X-ray Vision Carrots”, “Superhero Banana Bites”, “Space Tomatoes”, “Dyno-Eggs” and “Power Peas”. “That's not broccoli. Those are tiny trees from the land of the little people. They cut them down for you to eat.”

Kirsten: Okay.

Justin: How can 186 four-year olds given carrots called, “X-ray Vision Carrots” ate nearly twice as much as they did on the lunch days when they were just simply labeled “carrots”.

And more interesting, they continue to eat about 50% more carrots even on days when the “X-ray Vision Carrots” were no longer available just a regular carrots again.

Kirsten: Because they were remembering…

Justin: Yeah.

Kirsten: …hey, “X-ray Vision”.

Justin: So, this is a great thing. I don't know if they - it was a good study to do - to test. But yeah, absolutely, that's a brilliant idea. I mean, marketing does the story children all the time, right? I mean, everything is labeled as some sort of crazy, wacky version of yogurt even. Yogurt has to be some sort of - marketed yogurt.

Kirsten: Right.

Justin: “Special Extra Yogurt”, “Space Yogurt”.

Kirsten: “Go-gurts” or whatever.

Justin: Yeah.

Kirsten: Yeah.

Justin: I'm not giving name names. I don't want to get sued. But, you know - so, this is a great idea for parents just to try this at their home. You know, start to rename all your regular vegetables, the good stuff you want your kids to eat, come up with some fun names for and see how they react, see if they do treat them differently.

Kirsten: I know my cousins - my cousin with his children, they called broccoli “trees”.

Justin: Oh, yeah. Broccoli is a great example because it's…

Kirsten: There was always tree.

Justin: Yeah.

Kirsten: “I'm eating trees.” And the kids went…

Justin: “I'ma (jerk) giant.”

Kirsten: Yeah, the kids loved it.

Justin: Let's see. Similar results have been found with adults. So, this doesn't go away. Right? A researcher - didn't work with the “X-ray Carrots” maybe but a restaurant study show that when the “Seafood Fillet” was replaced by the “Succulent Italian Seafood Fillet”, sales increased by 28%.

Kirsten: You've got to make it fancy.

Justin: The after rating…

Kirsten: Yes.

Justin: The after rating of the food increased by 12%.

Kirsten: Wow!

Justin: So, eating the same fish, one called “Seafood Fillet”, the other called “Succulent Italian Seafood Fillet” increased the taste of the food by 12%. I love it. We are such - we're so subjective. Anybody who thinks that humans aren't completely subjective creatures, that's pretty much all we are. That's why I love science. It's the one place we can go and stop being subjective. We can be speculative.

Kirsten: Speculative but not subjective.

Justin: Not subjective.

Kirsten: Unless you're doing like a social science or something.

Justin: Yeah.

Kirsten: I didn't say that. I didn't make anybody up.

Justin: Oh, dissing.

Kirsten: Oh, not dissing.

Justin: Dissing other…

Kirsten: Anyway, this week in…

Justin: Wait. And I just did a social study - that was a social study - oh, wait a second. Oh, man!

Kirsten: This Week in Dead People. I know. This is all about - and I'm not talking about zombies here people, not zombies.

Justin: I'm just…

Kirsten: I'm talking about archeology and paleontology that is tracking human's trace through history. The earliest footprints showing evidence of modern human feet were found in Kenya.

Justin: Modern human. Modern human?

Kirsten: Like ours.

Justin: Homo erectus.

Kirsten: Yeah, showing an erect posture…

Justin: Yes.

Kirsten: …and the modern gait.

Justin: Yeah.

Kirsten: The way that we walk.

Justin: Which is something they hadn't found before.

Kirsten: Right.

Justin: It was the gait.

Kirsten: And the thing I find amazing is they can just find footprints, finding footprints in sediments. It's just such an odd thing to me but you look at the picture and that's a footprint. Sure as heck is a footprint and 1.5 million years old.

Justin: Yeah.

Kirsten: Which is really old.

Justin: And what's also wild about this spot is like, okay yeah, first of all, you're finding footprints which is just a thin layer of this, you know, of walking through some mud and having it get covered over with sand or whatever. And then it hardens over time.

Kirsten: Mm hmm.

Justin: And gets covered up again and again and again. So, first of all finding, that's pretty interesting.

Kirsten: Yeah.

Justin: They also found footprints in a layer right above that that were, you know, thousand years later.

Kirsten: Right.

Justin: I mean that's…

Kirsten: That were more recent.

Justin: So, it was…

Kirsten: Yeah.

Justin: It's an area in which the - I'm picturing some sort of like a creek bed that, you know, that's always muddy that you have walk across.

Kirsten: Some kind of a path, some kind of path that people are walking.

Justin: Between places and animals are going back and forth so there's fresh water around. But at some area in which also gets covered up often enough because they also have all those - all the other forestry creatures or whatever creatures were around at that time being represented there.

Kirsten: Yeah. And so, and it also gives us an idea of what was there, when they were there. And it also gives more evidence to the evolution of our walking style and who was possibly using it when.

And so, the footprints are thought to belong to Homo erectus. So, it's earlier than us. But that isn't the oldest footprint. The oldest footprint belongs to Australopithecus afarensis in Tanzania which is found in 1978 and was 3.7 million years old.

Justin: Wow! That's really old.

Kirsten: Really old. And finding hands and feet, the thing that another interesting point to the story, what's very fascinating is that fossilized bone of many animals or humans of Homo species - hands and feet don't exist because the carnivores when they take down an animal - they like to eat…

Justin: Oh.

Kirsten: .gnaw on the bones of the hands and the feet. They're chewy. So, the fossil record is…

Justin: Is weak.

Kirsten: …very week in terms of the actual bone structure and how it developed over time.

Justin: Mm hmm.

Kirsten: Which I think is really interesting. So, you know, I think that's fascinating. Another archaeological find that suggest modern humans may have evolved more than 80,000 years earlier than thought where they found sophisticated stone tools in Ethiopia. The tools were found in 1970 in an area called Gademotta in the Ethiopian Rift Valley.

It was the use of new dating techniques that allowed them to more accurately date these tools and to potentially push back the date of the human technological development.

So, Homo sapien, the oldest - Homo sapien bones are around 195,000 years old. And this pushes it back - these tools are 276,000 years old. So, the question is whether or not these tools or the ability to make them pre-date Homo sapien.

Justin: Interesting.

Kirsten: Did the cognitive abilities that allow this kind of sophisticated, not just kind of gross tool morphology did it allow them to develop in an earlier species.

Justin: Yeah. Monkeys can use rocks to break nuts.

Kirsten: Yeah.

Justin: We have to do better to call ourselves technologist then.

Kirsten: Yeah. And this is a fun story. (John Carabec) sent this in. It was National Geographic that covered it. Researchers discovered rock-hard hyena dung near some caves in South Africa. Looking at this hyena dung, this coprolites, which is the name for fossilized poop. Looking at them, they found glass-like shards, very thin shards, hair.

Justin: Oh.

Kirsten: They took a look at the hair and what they looked like microscopically, they think it was human hair.

Justin: Oh, geez.

Kirsten: So, the oldest known human hair previously was from a 9,000 year old Chilean mummy. These coprolites were found in sediments between 195,000 to 257,000 years ago.

Justin: Wow!

Kirsten: Really old human hair…

Justin: Amazing.

Kirsten: …in fossilized hyena poop. However, hyenas are not known to attack. They're more often scavengers.

Justin: Right.

Kirsten: So, it's possible that's an individual died and then the hyenas scavenge the remains. But this is just fascinating and it might inspire a whole generation of paleontologists to take a closer look at the coprolites they find.

Justin: Yeah.

Kirsten: It might give us some more information about who was, where and when.

Justin: That is wild. Where are we at? What's going on? Oh, great news for pregnant vegans, vegetarians.

Kirsten: This isn't still part of This Week in Dead People?

Justin: Oh, you got more dead people?

Kirsten: No.

Justin: No.

Kirsten: I was just wondering.

Justin: This is - I'm going to go the other way. I'm going “This Week in New Births”.

Kirsten: Okay, all right.

Justin: I'm going to bring it back around to the living here.

Kirsten: All right.

Justin: Experts agree, finally, about time, that pregnant women can thrive on vegan diets. This is one of those things that, you know, America, they've been recommending women to eat meat and dairy during pregnancy. It's been part of the regular rigmaroles of the official government position on diet.

So, the American Dietetic Association, nation's largest organization of food and nutrition professionals states that a well-planned vegan and certain vegetarian diets as well are appropriate for all stages of the life cycle including pregnancy, lactation, infancy, childhood and adolescence.

There is no point, according to them, at which you should have to introduce meat, if you do not choose to.

Kirsten: But you have to follow a well-balanced diet.

Justin: Correct.

Kirsten: You can't just be - you can't be a college vegan.

Justin: What?

Kirsten: I don't know. I can't tell you how many people I've met who are - who looked malnourished, who have no energy, who are vegan and they do it very poorly. And that's fine for you as an individual but if you're going to get pregnant, I have to say you need to take very, very close monitoring of your diet. And make sure you're getting all of the nutrients that your child needs.

Justin: Right.

Kirsten: But that's just not fair. Do it right if you're going to do it.

Justin: The vitamin B12 is the one thing that…

Kirsten: It's not the one thing.

Justin: Yeah, it's a pretty much it. You know, if you're eating fruits and vegetables, you're getting a selection, vitamin B12, you know, you can take it in a pill. You can take a vitamin. I mean, there's not a whole lot that's really missing from the diet. Vegetarian diets offer — what are they saying here — lower levels of saturated fat and cholesterol, higher levels of fiber folate and cancer fighting anti-oxidants…

Kirsten: Mm hmm.

Justin: …and photochemical. One of the things that they were looking at too is lactation. And it turns out that their analysis of breast milk from vegetarians showed that the women are actually avoiding unhealthy hormones and environmental toxins…

Kirsten: Right.

Justin: …that are normally found…

Kirsten: There'll be growth hormones that are used in the cattle industry…

Justin: Right.

Kirsten: …or the milk industry…

Justin: And fish even.

Kirsten: …and fish. Yeah.

Justin: Right. They have lower levels of environmental contaminants…

Kirsten: Yeah.

Justin: …in their breast milk than the non-vegetarians.

Kirsten: Yup. Fish is a big one. I mean, there's mercury contamination, all sorts of other toxic compounds…

Justin: Dairy too, we have the…

Kirsten: …pharmaceutical compounds.

Justin: …chemical that was basically a byproduct of rocket fuel that was showing up in milk.

Kirsten: Right. Yup.

Justin: Oh, my goodness. So yeah, well-planned diets, healthy choices, and they said, in general, they also noticed a trend for vegetarian in vegans to be much healthier than their counterparts who also eat meat because of the fact that they're probably nutrition and diet-focused to begin with.

Kirsten: Right.

Justin: So there's - yeah, you're right. There's one thing when you're just trying to eliminate something from your diet just by itself.

Kirsten: Mm hmm.

Justin: Like, “I'm not going to eat these things” and don't…

Kirsten: And you don't replace it.

Justin: Right.

Kirsten: Yeah. It has…

Justin: I mean, I think if you're being a vegan especially, vegetarian and you're saying, “I'm going to do this. And these are all the things I'm going to include in my diet. That's a much proactive.

Kirsten: Yeah, proactive and a healthier approach it. I agree. You're listening to This Week in Science.

Some headlines for you, according to images from NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, water may have run on Mars' surface fairly recently.

Justin: Yeah.

Kirsten: Like 1.25 million years ago, recently.

Justin: Oh. That's not as recent as I wanted to hear.

Kirsten: Right. A vaccine for HIV, I said this earlier, might become harder to come by than previously thought because the tricksy virus because mutates to accommodate resistant humans.

People drink too much bottled water, in terms of energy demand to meet global consumption needs. Imagine each bottle of water you drink is filled up to one quarter full of oil.

Justin: What?

Kirsten: Yummy. Yeah. Yummy! Is that necessary? Do we need to drink that much water - bottled water? I mean water, yes but bottled water?

Justin: Wow.

Kirsten: The amount of energy each bottle for the global demand.

Justin: Yeah.

Kirsten: Just imagine that each bottle you drink is a quarter full of oil, petroleum.

Justin: Oh, my goodness. That is…

Kirsten: I'm not talking vegetable oil either.

Justin: No, that's bizarre. I have no idea.

Kirsten: Yup. A Chinese crashed their lunar probe into the surface of the moon on purpose. They said it was on purpose anyway.

Justin: “Oh we meant to do that? It's part of ongoing research. We were going to mention it later. It's not - it didn't show up in any of the (unintelligible). No, we were just…” What?

Duke University has a scathing, scathing report that they'd put out on biofuel, on corn for ethanol.

Kirsten: Oh, good.

Justin: Scathing.

Kirsten: Yup.

Justin: It's brilliant.

Kirsten: It's about time.

Justin: Yeah.

Kirsten: People have been talking about this for a little while.

Justin: So I am going to speed-read through this. To avoid creating greenhouse gases, it makes more sense using today's technology to leave land unfarmed in conservation reserves than plowed up for corn to make biofuel.

According to the comprehensive Duke University-led study, “Converting set-asides to corn-ethanol production is an inefficient, expensive greenhouse gas mitigation policy and should not be encouraged until ethanol-production technology has vastly improved.”

Basically, the 70% of - yeah, corn-ethanol has about 70% of gasoline's energy. But what's actually happening is once you factor in CO2, if that's the reason you're doing this is for CO2 to prevent it, to lower greenhouse gases by turning soil, you end up creating more. You end up creating…

Kirsten: Right.

Justin: And the idea too has been that when you grow a crop, you're actually - it actually pulls out CO2 from the environment. And so when it burns off in the vehicle, well, you know, it's the same amount perhaps or close to the amount that's being consumed by the plant in the first place. But actually, if you hadn't tilled that soil and just left it, you'd actually still be doing better, even better.

You know, they're saying we maybe 50 years away from having biofuel that's really - corn-ethanol that's really going to meet the standards. Thirty to fifty percent of carbon can be stored in soil that's untilled.

Kirsten: Right.

Justin: Yeah. So, the whole ratio for biofuel plus we've already talked about the economic issues, the food versus fuel issues, the third world issues.

Kirsten: And just the energy involved in growing, the water involved in growing those plants and…

Justin: Yeah.

Kirsten: Water is a huge issue these days.

Justin: There are going to be better alternatives…

Kirsten: I'm all for the algae.

Justin: I'ma big algae fan.

Kirsten: Go algae. Yeah. So, I want to get to a couple of emails from listeners before we finish the show here. A couple of weeks ago, we talked a bit about teaching science. And (Judy Heights) from San Diego says, “I'ma science curriculum specialist for high schools - for a high school.

My job is to help teachers with content knowledge and instructional strategies to teach the California Science Standards so they can pass the California Standards Test and meet the requirements for No Child Left Behind.”

Before teaching, she was a bench scientist in biotech. “At times my job drives me crazy. Have you looked at the California Science Standards?” I'll put the link to those on our website if anyone is interested. “They are filled with so much information that no teacher could do a descent job teaching the concepts and facts in a single school year especially since if you look at the sequence in testing, kids very often don't get true science classes until the 5th grade because that's when the kids are tested on science knowledge and they're vague. It's hard to interpret exactly what they mean.

Plus the CST exam is multiple choice, 50 multiple choice questions on every subject in the standards. And usually those questions asked for facts and not concepts.

So, it's no wonder our science literacy in our American society is decreasing. Kids today think of science as facts instead of great concepts and ideas of how all Biota are linked.

We need to teach our students the thinking of science along with or even instead of all the facts. I think this is where I as a scientist who teaches, sees the field of teaching science very different from a science teacher.

If we teach the thinking of science, little ideas — little “s” to ideas — the ideas in thinking rather than the facts about science — big “S” to facts — people will be able to understand the reason of science, the philosophy of science and the thought processes that people need to understand how evolution by the process of adaptation, natural selection and differential reproduction lead to biodiversity and why each collection of DNA in each species is equally valuable to the world and should be protected as much as possible.”

Justin: Wow. Oh, well.

Kirsten: (Ben) wrote in and said, “I heard you discussing Physics First teaching. Well, I heartily agree with your logical progression of concepts to arrive at Biology. I would like to expand on the idea that it's much easier said than done.

It should be pointed out that Calculus was invented for Physics or so we know for Eurocentric history. The biggest problem with teaching Physics First is the amount of Math required for a proper Physics class, Trig, Calculus ideally but not necessary and some heavy Algebra.

My brother teaches Algebra and Algebra II at a high school. From what he describes, a large portion of freshmen have trouble adding fractions and negative numbers. I do not remember a lot from my Chem and Bio classes in high school, but I don't remember much Math and Biology. I think that's why it is taught first typically.”

Justin: Do you remember much Math and Biology?

Kirsten: Doesn't.

Justin: Doesn't?

Kirsten: Doesn't remember much Math and Biology. “I also recall not much Trig and Chemistry, thus why it is taught second. On an unrelated note, the lack of understanding and disregard for evolution as a science frightens me.”

Justin: Oh, my goodness, really quick story. A kindergarten Science project thing at the school, I took my kid to it. They have a Vandergraph. So, the kids go up there. They put their hands on the Vandergraph, their hair stands up.

Kirsten: Yeah.

Justin: So, all these warning going up. If you take your hands off, don't put your hands back on because you'll get a shock.

Kirsten: Yeah.

Justin: They have to…

Kirsten: De-Statify.

Justin: Destatify it a little ball. So anyway, he goes up there, sees his hair standing up, looks over at Papa, takes his one hand — one hand, mind you — off the Vandergraph machine.

It's being run by a sorority girls from here at UC Davis. And they're like trying to, “No, don't put your hand back.” As she's going back, he's only got one hand on the Vandergraph, just shocks the heck out of one of the attending girls there.

She drops the F-bomb, likely it's a very loud crowdy place nobody heard. He just electrocuted this girl. And so, he can put his back just fine.

Kirsten: Because he discharged into her.

Justin: He discharged and pulled both hands. It was just - that was really cool.

Kirsten: Oh, she took one for a child.

Justin: Yeah, thank you UC Davis sorority girls and explore it for putting on a great event at Birchlane this last week.

Kirsten: That's great. Let's see. So until next week's show, if you're looking for a book to read, again, consider joining the TWIS Book Club. We'll be discussing “Your Inner Fish” by Neil Shubin very soon. I'm setting a date and time.

Justin: Inner fish.

Kirsten: Tell us what you think the answer is to the Question of the Month. There's a great discussion going on in our forums on that right now. And we will be covering your answers on the show next week. We'll be talking about the question which related to spiciness and food.

And the deadline for the TWIS Music Compilation has passed. But, you know, if you just happen to miss it because it was over the weekend and you just weren't thinking about it, it's a reminder, you know, last chance, send me your songs. I really, really want to hear your science music.

And big thanks to everyone who sent in stories, comments, questions. (Ed Dyer), thank you for the stories, (Kurt Pulosky), (Alessandro), (Neil), (Shirley), (David Eckert), (Steven), (Tom), (Ardiom), (David), (Andrew), all sorts of people, thank you so much. And (Shannon), I believe. There's a (Shannon) in there.

Justin: Oh and go Google barrel eye fish. You won't be disappointed.

Kirsten: Yeah, yeah. You won't be disappointed by the barrel eyed fish, that's true. And you don't have the ultra thingy?

Justin: Oh, yeah absolutely. We hope you've enjoyed the show. TWIS is available as a podcast. Go to our website www.twis.org and click on Subscribe to the TWIS Science Podcast for information on how to subscribe or just look us up in the This Week in Science under the iTunes. Go in there, get us. We got all our shows, hundreds of shows.

Kirsten: Hundreds of shows. For more information you've heard on anything here today, Show Notes with links, the source articles are available on our website twis.org And we want to hear from you so email us at kirsten@thisweekinscience.com or justin@thisweekinscience.com

Justin: Yes. Put TWIS in the subject or you will be spam-filtered into oblivion. We love getting the emails, comments, stories. We love your feedback. If there is a topic that you would like us to cover or address or suggestion for an interview, let us know.

Kirsten: And we will be back here on KDVS next Tuesday at 8:30 am pacific time. We hope you'll join us again for more great science news.

Justin: And if you've learned anything from today's show, remember…

Kirsten: It's all in your head.

END